RESUMEN

El síndrome de apneas-hipopneas durante el sueño (SAHS) afecta al 1% de la población pediátrica y se asocia de manera independiente a déficit en las funciones neurocognoscitivas y conductuales, elevado riesgo cardiovascular y trastornos del metabolismo de la glucosa. La desproporción entre el tamaño de la vía aérea y el crecimiento del tejido linfoide contribuye a la aparición del SAHS; sin embargo, el conocimiento actual de la fisiología de la faringe durante el sueño ha ayudado a esclarecer la razón por la que el crecimiento de amígdalas y adenoides no es, per se, suficiente para causar SAHS en la mayoría de los casos. La adecuada función de los músculos dilatadores de la faringe es una vía adaptativa neuromuscular que permite mantener permeable la vía aérea superior en diferentes circunstancias, incluyendo la exagerada presión negativa impuesta por el tejido linfoide. La mal función de dicha vía adaptativa es el centro de la fisiopatología del SAHS en niños. Otros factores involucrados en la fisiopatología del SAHS en niños son la obesidad y las malformaciones craneofaciales. En este artículo se revisan los mecanismos fisiopatológicos del SAHS en niños.

PALABRAS CLAVE

Apnea del sueño, fisiopatología, niños, obesidad.

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