RESUMEN

La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa representa un espectro de una misma entidad que incluye al tromboembolismo pulmonar y la trombosis venosa profunda; ambas se originan como complicación de diversas patologías. La anticoagulación con heparina convencional o no fraccionada y heparina de bajo peso molecular durante 5-10 días es el tratamiento inicial de elección. El tratamiento del tromboembolismo pulmonar se continúa habitualmente con antagonistas de la vitamina K entre 3 y 6 meses; en algunos casos, la anticoagulación es hasta por 1 año debido a la latencia de factores de riesgo. Existen varios estudios que han confirmado la efectividad y seguridad de las heparinas de bajo peso molecular comparadas con la heparina no fraccionada en el tratamiento de la fase aguda del tromboembolismo pulmonar. Hoy en día el uso de esta última es de rutina, tanto en la prevención como en el tratamiento de la trombosis venosa profunda. Esto difiere del tratamiento del tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo y/o submasivo, que requiere tratamiento fibrinolítico debido a que la mortalidad alcanza hasta el 70%, fuertemente relacionada con falla ventricular derecha e insuficiencia cardiaca.

PALABRAS CLAVE

Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa, tromboembolismo pulmonar, heparina no fraccionada, heparina de bajo peso molecular, antagonistas de la vitamina K.

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