RESUMEN

La neumonía nosocomial (NN) es la segunda causa más frecuente de infección intrahospitalaria, y es la infección más frecuentemente adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. La NN es la causa número uno de mortalidad en infecciones adquiridas en el hospital. La NN se define como aquel proceso infeccioso pulmonar caracterizado por infiltrados pulmonares, esputo purulento, fiebre y leucocitosis que se presenta en un paciente después de 48-72 horas de internamiento y previa exclusión de que la infección pulmonar estuviera presente o en un periodo de incubación en el momento del ingreso. La microaspiración de bacterias que colonizan la faringe es la vía de entrada más común al árbol traqueobronquial. Los criterios clínicos son la piedra angular en el diagnóstico. Se pueden utilizar estrategias diagnósticas como métodos no invasivos (aspirado traqueal cuantitativo) e invasivos (broncoscopia). En la elección del tratamiento empírico es aconsejable evaluar el riesgo de patógenos multidrogorresistentes y la duración de hospitalización en la aparición de la neumonía.

PALABRAS CLAVE

Bacilos Gram negativo, multidrogorresistente, neumonía asociada a ventilador, neumonía nosocomial, unidad de cuidados intensivos.

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