ABSTRACT

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is one of the respiratory complications to be evaluated in a child who is born prematurely and who is immersed in different respiratory and systemic comorbidities that impact development throughout his or her life. For this reason, a follow-up and treatment guide aimed at preventing complications and improving his or her quality of life is essential for the decision making of the doctors in charge of patients with this disease. This guide for long-term follow-up and treatment of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia contains updated information aimed at health personnel with the aim of improving the processes of care and prevention in people from 2 months to 18 years of age. It includes evidence and recommendations about: image studies, respiratory function, fluid intake, diuretics, bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen, pulmonary hypertension, sleep disorders, exacerbations, nutrition, comorbidities and prevention of complications. In Mexico, the official incidence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia is unknown; however, it is presumed to increase thanks to the survival of these children in the country’s neonatal intensive therapies, so general practitioners, family doctors, rehabilitators, pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists need to be updated for coordinated and effective monitoring of this population.

KEYWORDS

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary monitoring.

REFERENCES

1. Altit G, Dancea A, Renaud C, Perreault T, Lands LC, Sant’Anna G. Pathophysiology, screening and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia - A review of the literature. Paediatr Respir Rev 2017;23:16–26. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.11.002.

2. Amin RS, Rut ter MJ. Airway disease and management in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol 2015;42(4):857-870. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2015.08.011.

3. Baker CD, Alvira CM. Disrupted lung development and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: opportunities for lung repair and regeneration. Curr Opin Pediatr 2014;26(3):306–314. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000095.

4. Barrington KJ, Fortin-Pellerin E, Pennaforte T. Fluid restriction for treatment of preterm infants with chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;2:CD005389. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005389.pub2.

5. Bates ML, Pillers D-AM, Palta M, Farrell ET, Eldridge MW. Ventilatory control in infants, children, and adults with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013;189(2):329–337. doi: 10.1016/j. resp.2013.07.015.

6. Berkelhamer SK, Mestan KK, Steinhorn RH. Pulmonary hypertension in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol 2013;37(2):124–131. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2013.01.009.

7. Bhandari A, Bhandari V. Biomarkers in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Paediatr Respir Rev 2013;14(3):173–179. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2013.02.008.

8. Bhandari A, McGrath-Morrow S. Long-term pulmonary outcomes of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol 2013;37(2):132–137. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2013.01.010.

9. Carraro S, Filippone M, Da Dalt L, et al. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: The earliest and perhaps the longest lasting obstructive lung disease in humans. Early Hum Dev 2013;89(suppl 3):S3–S5. doi: 10.1016/j. earlhumdev.2013.07.015.

10. Clouse BJ, Jadcherla SR, Slaughter JL. Systematic review of inhaled bronchodilator and corticosteroid therapies in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Implications and future directions. PLoS One 2016; 11(2):e0148188. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148188.

11. DynaMed Plus [Internet]. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO Information Services. 1995 - . Record No. 115226, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia; [updated 2017 Apr 28, cited 2018 jan 28]; [about 34 screens]. A vailable from http://www .dynamed.com/login.aspx? direct=true&site=DynaMed&id=115226.

12. El Mazloum D, Moschino L, Bozzetto S, Baraldi E. Chronic lung disease of prematurity: long-term respiratory outcome. Neonatology 2014;105(4):352–356. doi: 10.1159/000360651.

13. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand; Fitzgerald DA, Massie RJH, Nixon G, et al. Infants with chronic neonatal lung disease: recommendations for the use of home oxygen therapy. Med J Aust 2008;189(10):578-582.

14. Gawronski CA, Gawronski KM. Vitamin A supplementation for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: cornerstone of care or futile therapy? Ann Pharmacother 2016;50(8):680–684. doi: 10.1177/1060028016647066.

15. Ghanta S, Leeman KT, Christou H. An update on pharmacologic approaches to bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Perinatol 2013;37(2):115–123. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2013.01.008.

16. Giubergia V, Rentería F. Seguimiento neumológico de los niños con displasia broncopulmonar al alta de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal. Parte 2: Administración de oxígeno, tratamiento farmacológico y seguimiento. Arch Argent Pediatr 2013;111(3):252–258. http://dx.doi. org/10.5546/aap.2013.252.

17. Hartnett ME, Lane RH. Effects of oxygen on the development and severity of retinopathy of prematurity. J AAPOS 2013;17(3):229–234. doi: 10.1016/j. jaapos.2012.12.155.

18. Jain D, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Clinical perspective. Birt Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2014;100(3):134–144. doi: 10.1002/bdra.23229.

19. Jensen EA, Schmidt B. Epidemiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Birt Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2014;100(3):145–157. doi: 10.1002/ bdra.23235.

20. Jobe AH, Tibboel D. Update in pediatric lung disease 2013. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014;189(9):1031–1036. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201402- 0230UP.

21. Johnson AK, Lynch N, Newberry D, Jnah AJ. Impact of diuretic therapy in the treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and acute kidney injury in the neonatal population. Adv Neonatal Care 2017;17(5):337–346. doi: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000427.

22. Kotecha SJ, Edwards MO, Watkins WJ, Lowe J, Henderson AJ, Kotecha S. Effect of bronchodilators on forced expiratory volume in 1 s in pretermborn participants aged 5 and over: a systematic review. Neonatology 2015;107(3):231–240.

23. McEvoy CT, Aschner JL. The natural history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the case for primary prevention. Clin Perinatol 2015;42(4):911– 931. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2015.08.014.

24. McEvoy CT, Jain L, Schmidt B, Abman S, Bancalari E, Aschner JL. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: NHLBI workshop on the primary prevention of chronic lung diseases. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014;11Suppl 3:S146–S153. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201312-424LD.

25. Mourani PM, Abman SH. Pulmonary vascular disease in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: pulmonary hypertension and beyond. Curr 2013;25(3):329–337. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328360a3f6.

26. Nicolarsen J, Ivy D. Progress in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary hypertension in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2014;26(5):527– 535. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000135.

27. Poindexter BB, Martin CR. Impact of nutrition on bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol 2015;42(4):797– 806. doi: 10.1016/j. clp.2015.08.007.

28. Ronkainen E, Dunder T, Peltoniemi O, Kaukola T, Marttila R, Hallman M. New BPD predicts lung function at school age: Follow-up study and meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2015;50(11):1090–1098. doi: 10.1002/ ppul.23153.

29. Rosenfeld M, Allen J, Arets BH, et al.; American Thoracic Society Assembly on Pediatrics Working Group on Infant and Preschool Lung Function Testing. An Official American Thoracic Society workshop report: optimal lung function tests for monitoring cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and recurrent wheezing in children less than 6 years of age. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013;10(2):S1–S11. doi: 10.1513/ AnnalsATS.201301-017ST.

30. Rossor T, Greenough A. Advances in paediatric pulmonary vascular disease associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Expert Rev Respir Med 2015;9(1):35–43. doi: 10.1586/17476348.2015.986470.

31. Sánchez LM, Moreno HJ, Botet MF, et al. Displasia broncopulmonar: definiciones y clasificación. An Pediatr (Barc) 2013;79(4):262.e1-262.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.02.003.

32. Strueby L, Thébaud B. Advances in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014;8(3):327–338. doi: 10.1586/17476348.2014.899907.

33. van Mastrigt E, Logie K, Ciet P, et al. Lung CT imaging in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol 2016;51(9):975–986. doi: 10.1002/ppul.23446.

34. Walkup LL, Woods JC. Newer imaging techniques for bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol 2015;42(4):871–187. doi: 10.1016/j. clp.2015.08.012.

35. Wardle AJ, Wardle R, Luyt K, Tulloh R. The utility of sildenafil in pulmonary hypertension: a focus on bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Arch Dis Child 2013;98(8):613–617. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-303333.

36. Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhao S. Airway damage of prematurity: The impact of prolonged intubation, ventilation, and chronic lung disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2016;21(4):246–253. doi: 10.1016/j. siny.2016.04.001.