ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS

REFERENCES

1. Kacmarek RM, Stoller JK, Heuer AJ, Egan DF. Egan’s fundamentals of respiratory care. 10th ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby; 2013. xvii, 1401 pp.

2. Área de asma de SEPAR; Área de enfermería de SEPAR; Departamento de asma ALAT. Consenso SEPAR-ALAT sobre terapia inhalada. Arch Bronconeumol. 2013;49 Suppl 1:2-14.

3. Gardenhire DS, Burnett D, Strickland S, Myers TR. A guide to aerosol delivery devices for respiratory therapists. 4th ed. Texas: American Association for Respiratory Care; 2017.

4. Colombo P, Traini D, Buttini F, eds. Inhalation drug delivery: techniques and products. Hoboken, Nueva Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell; 2013. p. 207.

5. Laube BL, Janssens HM, de Jongh FH, Devadason SG, Dhand R, Diot P, et al. What the pulmonary specialist should know about the new inhalation therapies. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(6):1308-1331.

6. WHO. Definition of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/quality_assurance/DefinitionAPI-QAS11-426Rev1-08082011.pdf

7. Liang J. Chemical modeling for air resources: fundamentals, applications, and corroborative analysis. Amsterdam; Academic Press; 2013. p. 285.

8. Boe J, Dennis JH, O’Driscoll BR, Bauer TT, Carone M, Dautzenberg B, et al. European Respiratory Society Guidelines on the use of nebulizers. Eur Respir J. 2001;18(1):228-242.

9. Hickey AJ, Mansour HM. Inhalation aerosols: physical and biological basis for therapy. 3rd edition. New York, NY: CRC Press; 2019.

10. Smyth HDC, Hickey AJ. Pulmonary drug delivery: an historical overview in controlled pulmonary drug delivery. New York: Springer; 2011. xiii, p. 557.

11. Fitch K. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method user’s manual. Santa Monica: Rand; 2001. xiii, p. 109.

12. Robinson J. Likert scale. In: Michalos AC, editor. Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2014. p. 3620-3621.

13. Siepmann J, Siegel RA, Rathbone MJ. Fundamentals and applications of controlled release drug delivery. New York: Springer; 2012. p. 593.

14. Chi Lip Kwok P, Chan HK. Advances in pulmonary drug delivery. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2017. p. 247.

15. Hillery AM, Park K. Drug delivery: fundamentals and applications. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2017. p. 633.

16. Ibrahim M, Verma R, Garcia-Contreras L. Inhalation drug delivery devices: technology update. Med Devices (Auckl). 2015;8:131-139.

17. Fernández Tena A, Casan Clarà P. Deposition of inhaled particles in the lungs. Arch Bronconeumol. 2012;48(7):240-246.

18. Smyth HDC, Hickey AJ. Controlled pulmonary drug delivery. New York: Springer; 2011. p. 560.

19. Corcoran TE, Dauber JH, Chigier N, Iacono AT. Improving drug delivery from medical nebulizers: the effects of increased nebulizer flow rates and reservoirs. J Aerosol Med. 2002;15(3):271-282.

20. Martins Pereira de Araújo L, Abatti PJ, Duarte de Araújo Filho W, Alves RF. Performance evaluation of nebulizers based on aerodynamic droplet diameter characterization using the Direct Laminar Incidence (DLI). Res Biomed Eng. 2017;33(2):105-112.

21. Darquenne C. Aerosol deposition in health and disease. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2012;25(3):140-147.

22. Hays SR, Fahy JV. Characterizing mucous cell remodeling in cystic fibrosis: Relationship to neutrophils. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(9):1018-1024.

23. Thornton DJ, Rousseau K, McGuckin MA. Structure and function of the polymeric mucins in airways mucus. Annu Rev Physiol. 2008;70:459-486.

24. Cone RA. Barrier properties of mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2009;61(2):75-85.

25. Smith CM, Djakow J, Free RC, Djakow P, Lonnen R, Williams G, et al. ciliaFA: a research tool for automated, high-throughput measurement of ciliary beat frequency using freely available software. Cilia. 2012;1:14.

26. Chilvers MA, O’Callaghan C. Analysis of ciliary beat pattern and beat frequency using digital high speed imaging: comparison with the photomultiplier and photodiode methods. Thorax. 2000;55(4):314-317.

27. Salathe M. Regulation of mammalian ciliary beating. Annu Rev Physiol. 2007;69:401-422.

28. Myers TR. The science guiding selection of an aerosol delivery device. Respir Care. 2013;58(11):1963-1973.

29. Janssens HMLB. What the pulmonary specialist should know about the new inhalation therapies. Eur Respir J [Internet]. European Respiratory Society (ERS). 2012;39(4):1055-1056.

30. Geller DE. Clinical side effects during aerosol therapy: cutaneous and ocular effects. J Aerosol Med. 2007;20 Suppl 1:S100-S108; discussion S109.

31. Ari A, Restrepo RD; American Association for Respiratory Care. Aerosol delivery device selection for spontaneously breathing patients: 2012. Respir Care. 2012;57(4):613-626.

32. Dolovich MB, Ahrens RC, Hess DR, Anderson P, Dhand R, Rau JL, et al. Device selection and outcomes of aerosol therapy: evidence-based guidelines: American College of Chest Physicians/American College of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology. Chest. 2005;127(1):335-371.

33. Calle Rubio M, Molina París J, Plaza Moral V, Quirce Gancedo S, Sanchis Aldás J, Viejo Bañuelos JL, editores. Terapia inhalada. Teoría y práctica. Madrid: Editorial Luzán 5; 2010.

34. Chandel A, Goyal AK, Ghosh G, Rath G. Recent advances in aerosolised drug delivery. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;112:108601.

35. Denyer J, Dyche T. The Adaptive Aerosol Delivery (AAD) technology: Past, present, and future. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2010;23 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1-10.

36. Leung K, Louca E, Coates AL. Comparison of breath-enhanced to breath-actuated nebulizers for rate, consistency, and efficiency. Chest. 2004;126(5):1619-1627.

37. White GC. Basic clinical lab competencies for respiratory care: an integrated approach. Albany, NY: Delmar Thomson; 2012.

38. Dolovich MB, Dhand R. Aerosol drug delivery: developments in device design and clinical use. Lancet. 2011;377(9770):1032-1045.

39. Yeo LY, Friend JR, McIntosh MP, Meeusen EN, Morton DA. Ultrasonic nebulization platforms for pulmonary drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010;7(6):663-679.

40. Vecellio L. The mesh nebuliser: a recent technical innovation for aerosol delivery. Breathe. 2006;2(3):252-260.

41. Chinese College of Emergency Physicians (CCEP); Emergency Committee of PLA; Beijing Society for Emergency Medicine; Chinese Emergency Medicine. Expert consensus on nebulization therapy in pre-hospital and in-hospital emergency care. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(18):487.

42. Della Zuana A, Garcia D de O, Juliani RC, Silva Filho LV. Effect that an educational program for cystic fibrosis patients and caregivers has on the contamination of home nebulizers. J Bras Pneumol. 2014;40(2):119-127.

43. O’Malley CA. Device cleaning and infection control in aerosol therapy. Respir Care. 2015;60(6):917-927; discussion 28-30.

44. WHO. Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory infections in health care. Who guidelines approved by the guidelines review committee. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. p. 71-73.

45. Alhaddad B, Smith FJ, Robertson T, Watman G, Taylor KM. Patients’ practices and experiences of using nebuliser therapy in the management of COPD at home. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2015;2(1):e000076.

46. Ari A. Patient education and adherence to aerosol therapy. Respir Care. 2015;60(6):941-955; discussion 55-57.

47. Dhand R. How should aerosols be delivered during invasive mechanical ventilation? Respir Care. 2017;62(10):1343-1367.

48. Siobal MS, Kallet RH, Pittet JF, Warnecke EL, Kraemer RW, Venkayya RV, et al. Description and evaluation of a delivery system for aerosolized prostacyclin. Respir Care. 2003;48(8):742-753.

49. Thomas SH, O’Doherty MJ, Page CJ, Treacher DF, Nunan TO. Delivery of ultrasonic nebulized aerosols to a lung model during mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148(4 Pt 1):872-877.

50. Ari A, Atalay OT, Harwood R, Sheard MM, Aljamhan EA, Fink JB. Influence of nebulizer type, position, and bias flow on aerosol drug delivery in simulated pediatric and adult lung models during mechanical ventilation. Respir Care. 2010;55(7):845-851.

51. Dugernier J, Ehrmann S, Sottiaux T, Roeseler J, Wittebole X, Dugernier T, et al. Aerosol delivery during invasive mechanical ventilation: A systematic review. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):264.

52. Ari A, Fink JB, Dhand R. Inhalation therapy in patients receiving mechanical ventilation: an update. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2012;25(6):319-332.

53. Dhand R. Special problems in aerosol delivery: Artificial airways. Respir Care. 2000;45(6):636-645.

54. Ari A, Fink JB. Factors affecting bronchodilator delivery in mechanically ventilated adults. Nurs Crit Care. 2010;15(4):192-203.

55. Ari A, Alwadeai KS, Fink JB. Effects of heat and moisture exchangers and exhaled humidity on aerosol deposition in a simulated ventilator-dependent adult lung model. Respir Care. 2017;62(5):538-543.

56. Fink JB, Dhand R, Grychowski J, Fahey PJ, Tobin MJ. Reconciling in vitro and in vivo measurements of aerosol delivery from a metered-dose inhaler during mechanical ventilation and defining efficiency-enhancing factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(1):63-68.

57. Longest PW, Azimi M, Golshahi L, Hindle M. Improving aerosol drug delivery during invasive mechanical ventilation with redesigned components. Respir Care. 2014;59(5):686-698.

58. Manthous CA, Khamiees M. In-line suction catheters may impede aerosol delivery to patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest. 2000;118(3):884-885.

59. Hagler DA, Traver GA. Endotracheal saline and suction catheters: sources of lower airway contamination. Am J Crit Care. 1994;3(6):444-447.

60. Isea JO, Poyant D, O’Donnell C, Faling LJ, Karlinsky J, Celli BR. Controlled trial of a continuous irrigation suction catheter vs conventional intermittent suction catheter in clearing bronchial secretions from ventilated patients. Chest. 1993;103(4):1227-1230.

61. Grosz AH, Jacobs IN, Cho C, Schears GJ. Use of helium-oxygen mixtures to relieve upper airway obstruction in a pediatric population. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(9):1512-1514.

62. Guerin C, Fassier T, Bayle F, Lemasson S, Richard JC. Inhaled bronchodilator administration during mechanical ventilation: How to optimize it, and for which clinical benefit? J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2008;21(1):85-96.

63. Miller DD, Amin MM, Palmer LB, Shah AR, Smaldone GC. Aerosol delivery and modern mechanical ventilation: In vitro/in vivo evaluation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(10):1205-1209.

64. Waldrep JC, Berlinski A, Dhand R. Comparative analysis of methods to measure aerosols generated by a vibrating mesh nebulizer. J Aerosol Med. 2007;20(3):310-319.

65. Wan GH, Lin HL, Fink JB, Chen YH, Wang WJ, Chiu YC, et al. In vitro evaluation of aerosol delivery by different nebulization modes in pediatric and adult mechanical ventilators. Respir Care. 2014;59(10):1494-1500.

66. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network, Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT, et al. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(18):1301-1308.

67. Dubosky MN, Chen YF, Henriksen ME, Vines DL. Vibrating mesh nebulizer compared with metered-dose inhaler in mechanically ventilated subjects. Respir Care. 2017;62(4):391-395.

68. Tonnelier A, Lellouche F, Bouchard PA, L’Her E. Impact of humidification and nebulization during expiratory limb protection: An experimental bench study. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1315-1322.

69. Korta Murua J, Valverde Molina J, Praena Crespo M, Figuerola Mulet J, Rodríguez Fernández-Oliva CR, et al. La educación terapéutica en el asma. An Pediatr (Barc). 2007;66(5):496-517.

70. Smyth H. Excipient development for pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and drug delivery systems. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2006. xvii, p. 452.

71. Dolovich MB, Macintyre NR, Anderson PJ, Camargo CA, Chew N, Cole CH, et al. Consensus statement: Aerosols and delivery devices. J Aerosol Med. 2000;13(3):291-300.

72. Kamin W, Erdnuss F, Kramer I. Inhalation solutions--which ones may be mixed? Physico-chemical compatibility of drug solutions in nebulizers--update 2013. J Cyst Fibros. 2014;13(3):243-250.

73. Olveira C, Munoz A, Domenech A. Nebulized therapy. SEAR year. Arch Bronconeumol. 2014;50(12):535-545.

74. Suter SM. Gina at 10 years: the battle over ‘genetic information’ continues in court. J Law Biosci. 2018;5(3):495-526.

75. Pizzichini MMM, Rocha CC, de Souza Tavares MG, Steidle LJM, Maureci da Silva R, Dal Pizzol F, et al. How does the GINA definition of control correlate with quality of life and sputum cellularity? ERJ Open Res. 2019;5(1):00146-2018.

76. Tran K, Cimon K, Severn M, Pessoa-Silva CL, Conly J. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35797.

77. Baldacci S, Simoni M, Maio S, Angino A, Martini F, Sarno G, et al. Prescriptive adherence to GINA guidelines and asthma control: An Italian cross sectional study in general practice. Respir Med. 2019;146:10-17.

78. Quon BS, Goss CH, Ramsey BW. Inhaled antibiotics for lower airway infections. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(3):425-434.

79. Wu J, Li J, Zhu G, Zhang Y, Bi Z, Yu Y, et al. Clinical features of maintenance hemodialysis patients with 2019 Novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(8):1139-1145.

80. Wang K, Zhao W, Li J, Shu W, Duan J. The experience of high-flow nasal cannula in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in two hospitals of Chongqing, China. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):37.

81. Ding Q, Lu P, Fan Y, Xia Y, Liu M. The clinical characteristics of pneumonia patients coinfected with 2019 novel coronavirus and influenza virus in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol. 2020;92(9):1549-1555.

82. Health MDo. Aerosol-generating procedures and patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. 2020.

83. Pan Y, Guan H, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhu T, et al. Initial CT findings and temporal changes in patients with the novel coronavirus pneumonia (2019-nCoV): a study of 63 patients in Wuhan, China. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(6):3306-3309.

84. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-1069.

85. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in china, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733.

86. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564-1567.

87. Wan GH, Tsai YH, Wu YK, Tsao KC. A large-volume nebulizer would not be an infectious source for severe acute respiratory syndrome. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(12):1113-1115.

88. Bateman ED, Hurd SS, Barnes PJ, Bousquet J, Drazen JM, FitzGerald JM, et al. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention: GINA executive summary. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(1):143-178.

89. Sharp Corporation. Amikacin. U.S. Food and drug administration website. Revised march 2020. [Accessed June 24 2020]. Available in: https://dailymed.Nlm.Nih.Gov/dailymed/druginfo.Cfm?Setid=499ab990-2b21-474f-aaba-d86388965f40.

90. Welch MJ. Nebulization therapy for asthma: A practical guide for the busy pediatrician. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008;47(8):744-756.

91. Murphy KR, Hong JG, Wandalsen G, Larenas-Linnemann D, El Beleidy A, Zaytseva OV, et al. Nebulized inhaled corticosteroids in asthma treatment in children 5 years or younger: A systematic review and global expert analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(6):1815-1827.

92. Irish Thoracic Society. Guidelines for use of nebuliser systems in the home environment 2017. Available from: https://irishthoracicsociety.com/education/irish-thoracic-society-guidelines/.

93. GOV.UK: COVID-19: Infection prevention and control (IPC). 2020. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-infection-prevention-and-control

94. Benge CD, Barwise JA. Aerosolization of COVID-19 and contamination risks during respiratory treatments. Fed Pract. 2020;37(4):160-163.

95. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, inc. Cromolyn sodium. U.S. Food and drug administration website. Revised October 2015. [Accessed June 24 2020] Available in: https://dailymed.Nlm.Nih.Gov/dailymed/fda/fdadrugxsl.Cfm?Setid=8fe37a7a-edd6-4733-bb7e-e01c1906aeba&type=display

96. Chong CF, Chen CC, Ma HP, Wu YC, Chen YC, Wang TL. Comparison of lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments for cough suppression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Emerg Med J. 2005;22(6):429-432.

97. Udezue E. Lidocaine inhalation for cough suppression. Am J Emerg Med. 2001;19(3):206-207.

98. Lingerfelt BM, Swainey CW, Smith TJ, Coyne PJ. Nebulized lidocaine for intractable cough near the end of life. J Support Oncol. 2007;5(7):301-302.

99. Dhooria S, Chaudhary S, Ram B, Sehgal IS, Muthu V, Prasad KT, et al. A randomized trial of nebulized lignocaine, lignocaine spray, or their combination for topical anesthesia during diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy. Chest. 2020;157(1):198-204.

100. O’Donnell WJ, Israel E. Inhaled diuretics in asthma: the search for the mechanism of action. J Asthma. 1994;31(2):79-83.

101. Verleden GM, Pype JL, Deneffe G, Demedts MG. Effect of loop diuretics on cholinergic neurotransmission in human airways in vitro. Thorax. 1994;49(7):657-663.

102. Corboz MR, Ballard ST, Gao H, Benoit JN, Inglis SK, Taylor AE. Differential effects of furosemide on porcine bronchial arterial and airway smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000;89(4):1360-1364.

103. Sheikh Motahar Vahedi H, Mahshidfar B, Rabiee H, Saadat S, Shokoohi H, Chardoli M, et al. The adjunctive effect of nebulized furosemide in COPD exacerbation: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Respir Care. 2013;58(11):1873-1877.

104. Jeba J, George R, Pease N. Nebulised furosemide in the palliation of dyspnoea in cancer: a systematic review. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2014;4(2):132-139.

105. Ling ZG, Wu YB, Kong JL, Tang ZM, Liu W, Chen YQ. Lack of efficacy of nebulized magnesium sulfate in treating adult asthma: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2016;41:40-47.

106. Mathew JL. Systematic review on efficacy of magnesium (intravenous or nebulized) for acute asthma episodes in children: Evidence-based medicine viewpoint. Indian Pediatr. 2017;54(2):133-136.

107. Mohammed S, Goodacre S. Intravenous and nebulised magnesium sulphate for acute asthma: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J. 2007;24(12):823-830.

108. Shan Z, Rong Y, Yang W, Wang D, Yao P, Xie J, et al. Intravenous and nebulized magnesium sulfate for treating acute asthma in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2013;107(3):321-330.

109. Knightly R, Milan SJ, Hughes R, Knopp-Sihota JA, Rowe BH, Normansell R, et al. Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;11:CD003898.

110. Abdel-Latif ME, Osborn DA. Nebulised surfactant in preterm infants with or at risk of respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10:CD008310.

111. Minocchieri S, Berry CA, Pillow JJ, CureNeb Study Team. Nebulised surfactant to reduce severity of respiratory distress: A blinded, parallel, randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2019;104(3):F313-F319.

112. Laoudi Y, Paolini JB, Grimfed A, Just J. Nebulised corticosteroid and amphotericin b: an alternative treatment for ABPA? Eur Respir J. 2008;31(4):908-909.

113. Sanmartin E, Morales P, Monte E, Vicente R. A comparison of several formats of amphotericin b as an inhaled antifungal prophylaxis. Transplant Proc. 2009;41(6):2225-2226.

114. Drew RH, Dodds Ashley E, Benjamin DK Jr, Duane Davis R, Palmer SM, Perfect JR. Comparative safety of amphotericin B lipid complex and amphotericin B deoxycholate as aerosolized antifungal prophylaxis in lung-transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2004;77(2):232-237.

115. Monforte V, Ussetti P, Gavalda J, Bravo C, Laporta R, Len O, et al. Feasibility, tolerability, and outcomes of nebulized liposomal amphotericin b for aspergillus infection prevention in lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;29(5):523-530.

116. Vaghi A, Berg E, Liljedahl S, Svensson JO. In vitro comparison of nebulised budesonide (pulmicort respules) and beclomethasone dipropionate (clenil per aerosol). Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2005;18(2):151-153.

117. Brion LP, Primhak RA, Yong W. Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD001694.

118. Prevention UDoHaHSCfDCa. Morbidity and mortality weekly report: characteristics of health care personnel with COVID-19–United States, February 12-April 9, 2020. April 17, 2020. Contract No.: 15.

119. Cinesi Gómez C, Peñuelas Rodríguez O, Luján Torné M, Egea Santaolalla C, Masa Jiménez JF, García Fernández J, et al. Recomendaciones de consenso respecto al soporte respiratorio no invasivo en el paciente adulto con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda secundaria a infección por SARS-CoV-2. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2020;67(5):261-270.

120. Hess DR. Respiratory care: principles and practice. 2nd ed. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2012.